How To Create A Network Out Of Thin Air (Parts 2-3)
Part 1: Grad Student Advice Series: How To Network and Add Value To Yourself and Others
I stared at the computer screen. I knew no one outside of academia. I thought about setting up a LinkedIn Profile but didn’t see the point. A feeling of hopelessness set in. I heard about the importance of networking before but didn’t know what to do or how to take those first steps.
I signed up on LinkedIn despite my complacency and skepticism. I said to myself, “Like this will change anything.” This is supposed to do what for me exactly?
I stared at the screen. ZERO contacts. I knew of a handful of people I could add, but very few who actually knew of my accomplishments and personally knew me outside of academia (or who I worked with closely in a different field). A few professors maybe and a few people I worked with during a summer internship a while back. Sure I had my thesis committee. But I thought “they will probably just want to write me a letter to do a post-doc (at least that is the respectable and ‘expected’ thing to do upon graduation).” Beyond that, the only people I knew were the ones I’ve met at conferences, seminars, joint lab meetings, presentations, or just networking on campus.
The number of contacts just sat there. I had maybe 25 or 30 tops after about a month or so. I didn’t know where to go, until a friend told me about the importance of informational interviews.
What is an informational interview? I didn’t have a clue. I said “Yeah right. People will actually take time out of their day to talk to me? About what?”
I’ll tell you one thing: The Ultimate Networking Tool Is An Informational Interview. I don’t care if you are a graduate student or a post-doc.
Networking is about information exchange right? The real goal is to provide information about yourself and gather information about other professionals and potential opportunities. So let’s get into exactly how I used informational interviews to “create a network out of thin air” in a short amount of time.
A lot of PhDs don’t know what they want to do past the PhD stage simply because they lack information. I was one of them.
I also didn’t see the value in a PhD until I started networking. In all honesty, I wanted to drop out with a Master’s degree. But informational interviews saved my PhD.
You can’t get enough credible information by just sitting behind a computer screen and reading about what someone in industry is doing. Or by talking to people who are in academia and have never been OUTSIDE of academia or had any working experience/knowledge (a lot of professors will even have skewed perceptions about what industry is all about, career prospects, and what matters beyond grad school). The best way to find out is to TALK TO THAT PERSON. Plus, once you learn about one position you may become interested in another or learn about different paths/transitions to take.
Step 1: Set up your LinkedIn Profile
Some things that may seem “obvious” aren’t obvious in reality, because I see people miss some of the most basic and important practices. Have a catchy headline that tells who you are. This shouldn’t be some boring title like “Graduate Student at UW-Madison” or “Manager at Company X.” That doesn’t tell me anything about who you are and the value that you bring to the table. Don’t be afraid to make it a sales-pitch here.
Your summary should have important points without lengthy paragraphs. Tell people the highlights of what you have done. Make it stand out. Talk about what you are interested in doing (your informational interviews and corresponding positions will match up with the field(s) of interest you list here). If you want to talk about any special skills, specialties or interests, now is your chance!
Your LinkedIn Profile is basically your online resume. If you have a polished resume, it is as simple as copying and pasting. If you don’t have a resume, well you better get to work. Because networking without having a resume (if asked for or if you want to offer it for feedback -I’ll mention this in Step 4) will only leave you empty-handed for potential future opportunities.
You don’t have to do everything at once like get recommendations or endorsements. People worry about needing to have a complete LinkedIn Profile right off the bat. The important thing right now is to focus on your informational interview strategy, not on having an A+ LinkedIn profile with 500+ connections. After all, quality beats quantity. You must have the basics to make contact (and start doing informational interviews), but you will build as you go. You don’t have to join 50 groups all in one day.
Join LinkedIn Discussion Groups and be an active participant. You will establish an online reputation and it will get you noticed. If you have a professional blog, even better (see below-only 18% of those surveyed actually have a professional blog or website).
Going further, you can even have people contact/message you for possible collaborations or value opportunities via LinkedIn Discussion Groups. Either way, you are getting your name out there. One group I actively participate is “PhD Careers Outside of Academia.” Also, keep in mind that some LinkedIn Discussion Groups will even have internal job postings that aren’t available elsewhere (you’ll have to find the ones specific to your field).
Statistics That Should Concern You
Based on a survey by Dougsguides, the need to network and have a professional blog is imminent:
44% of people surveyed ONLY have a network between 5 and 15 people! That’s almost half!
Only 13% of those surveyed have done three or more informational interviews! More strikingly, a whopping 54% have never even done an informational interview!
86% of those surveyed already have a LinkedIn Profile But Most Likely Don’t Know How to Use It!
And, only 18% have a Professional Website and Only 2% have a Professional Blog!!
So what are you doing to stand out from the crowd? Do you have a professional blog? Do you have a LinkedIn Profile that you are actually using? Are you doing Informational Interviews? Are you building your network that a lot of graduate students and post-docs are lacking? Do you lack career direction or marketable skills that allow you to cross over to alternative PhD careers?
Step 2: Start Making Contact (Getting the Ball Rolling with your Existing Network)
Hit up your Number #1 contact. What I mean by that is the most well-connected person that you know. This could be a professor on campus. The first thing to do is go through their network on LinkedIn and look at their connection list. Then pick your top 5 contacts that they have listed. Don’t just go with all the same positions (or one company). For example, I picked Scientist, Field Application Scientist, Product Manager, CEO, Sales Rep, etc.
Set up an informational interview with your “key” contact. Ask to be introduced to the top 5 contacts that they know (if they don’t know your top 5 “personally” then ask for them to make alternate suggestions or meet with more than one key contact). Aim for someone high-up position wise.
Why? Because once you start following the emerging network that will spiderweb via introductions, chances are if you stick with people who are more experienced and high-up position wise, they are more likely to keep the ball rolling for you (based on more high-up introductions). If the person is new at their position or at the lower-end (less connected) of the company you may reach a dead-end sooner.
If you don’t have time to set up an informational interview with your key contact (or they are in a different city), then you do it via email or LinkedIn. Your message should say something like:
Dear Dr. __,
I am a X year PhD Student (or post-doc) and I am starting to explore careers outside of academia. Therefore, I am conducting informational interviews to learn more about these potential opportunities. After doing some of my own research, I found fields 1, 2, and 3 of interest to me. I saw that Person X was in your professional network and was wondering if you wouldn’t mind introducing me to that person so that I could conduct an informational interview? I would greatly appreciate it. Thanks for your time.
Regards,
Signed You
The hardest part is getting started. But once your key contact introduces you to those top 5 people (or however many you see fit), it will spiderweb to an endless network. A lot of times that person may be out of town or won’t respond right away. You can follow up a second time. If you still get silence, then move on. Don’t annoy the person.
Ideally, these top 5 contacts (which stem from your initial key contacts) should be in your area (nothing beats face-to-face contact), but if you are looking to move or build your network elsewhere-do a phone interview instead.
If you “run dry”, lack initial key well-connected contacts (like I did), or want to expand further (as I would suggest/recommend anyways), proceed to step 3.
Step 3: Start Making Cold Contacts
The first informational interview I ever did (officially) outside of academia was done and set up cold. Keep in mind that Step 2 is the most ideal step and best way to start since introductions get things done faster and are more credible (and you are more likely to get a response). Do step 3 if you want to branch out to different contacts and different companies or expand on talking to people in certain positions that your current network is not acquainted with (maybe there are top 5 companies in your area that you are really interested in learning about or even working for).
I went on LinkedIn and typed in “Field Application Scientist” (as an example). I found a huge list of people. So I narrowed it down to people JUST within my area (Madison, WI). I am fortunate enough to live in a city with over a 100+ biotech companies. So everyone’s situation may be different. But, from there I messaged my top 3 picks (you can do more if you wish: up to 5 or 10 which will depend on your schedule and how aggressive you want to be-if you aren’t getting responses you can increase the number to however you see fit).
I worded the message similar to Step 2:
Hi (Insert name of person),
I did a search for ‘__(Insert Position)__’. Your name came up in the search on LinkedIn. I was wondering if you would be willing to conduct an informational interview? The ____ track is a career I was interested in pursuing and I was hoping to learn more about it. If you would be willing to meet in person that would be much appreciated. I am currently a PhD graduate student at ____. There are numerous questions I had about whether this position was a good transition in order to be able to move away from the lab bench and go more into ____ . Please get back to me at your earliest convenience. I look forward to hearing from you. Thanks for your time.
Regards,
Me
Does it actually work? Yes. It’s not 100% but guess what? They were once graduate students too (assuming you pick someone with a Master’s or PhD). They know of your situation! They know what you’re going through because most likely they went through the same thing. That is why 60% or more of the time they will respond and most will agree to take at least 30 minutes out of their day to speak with you.
My success rate was 75% or more at first. But it led to almost 100% after the cold contacts introduced me to the people that they knew (it no longer become cold-the first initial contacts were cold then it was no longer viewed in this manner). If the person isn’t available in-person, then do it over the phone.
But I didn’t stop at Field Application Scientist. After I did the informational interviews with FAS’s, I noticed that they mentioned this type of position as being a stepping-stone. So I learned more about the types of roles they transitioned into. So I followed the dots.
One example of this was going into Marketing or Product Management. I’ve also spoken with people who were at the laboratory bench and moved away from it. I asked them how they made the transition and if they were happy with their decision. I’ll get to the questions in Step 4.
The career path that you wish to learn about and/or pursue is uniquely up to you and your interests. Therefore, choose your interviews and network contacts accordingly.
Still stuck?
Step 4: Start Asking The Right Questions
I would recommend doing at least 10 informational interviews until you feel comfortable (and feel good about the questions and the feedback you’re getting). Your goal is to become an expert informational interviewer. You will know the “right” and intelligent questions to ask. The deep ones.
On average, I started with 30 minute interviews. Most of mine lasted from 1-2 hours. Some went 2 hours and I had to cut them off. This will be dependent on your personality and the kind of conversation you carry, but it just goes to show that MOST people like to talk about their work. Who wouldn’t? And a PhD student is taking notes? They are showing genuine interest (at least I hope you are), therefore they think “I will give this person my time because they value my time.”
Pointers:
1) Don’t dress like a graduate student or post-doc. I wear what I think I would wear if I was working for the place that I am visiting! Dress shirt, dress pants and shoes. Don’t overdo it with a suit and a tie. This isn’t a job interview.
2) Smile when you meet the person.. Give the person a firm handshake and tell them upfront that you appreciate their time (and that it means a lot to you). Before you start the conversation, first ask how much time that person has. Since you brought this up right off the bat, they will be more likely to give you more time. And I’ll just say that because you may feel like a socially inept graduate student (or post-doc) doesn’t mean you have to act like one. You may be nervous at first, but don’t worry they get easier.
3) Meet for coffee or lunch. Suggest a place that is close to that person’s work. Propose a day, time, and place that is CONVENIENT for your network contact. Make it easy on them.
4) Bring paper and something to write with. By doing this, when they tell you something you can write it down (you won’t remember everything anyways) and this demonstrates that you are responsible and are serious about learning. Also, have your questions already written out (not memorized).
5) Do NOT bring your resume with. I wouldn’t even bring it up until the very last minute.
Basic Questions to formulate (Tweak and add to the list the more you do)
There are NO right or wrong questions to ask! Make your own list as you see fit. Many questions are very position specific. Honestly, I came up with my own list after I found which questions got the best response or provided the most insight. You have to be the judge and become your own expert informational interviewer (don’t just do one and walk away or lose faith in the value of informational interviews).
Each and every person will provide you with a unique INSIGHT and EXPERIENCE even if you ask the same questions over and over to different people! Why? Because no one is the same! They feel different about the thought of the questions. And I’ll tell you what: You will have good interviews and you will have bad. But, you don’t know what a good or a bad informational interview is like until you’ve done multiple. Some people may just be having a bad day. Some may even buy you lunch because they feel sorry that you are a poor graduate student. And I’m not even joking.
But don’t let setbacks discourage you. Do enough informational interviews to the point where you feel it is sufficient (See Step 5).
Questions to ask:
1) I’d like to understand your current position. What are your responsibilities?
2) What are the responsibilities of a ____ (Fill in position title here)? What were your least favorite aspects of the position?
3) How did being a ___ prepare you for the rest of your career?
4) Where do you see yourself going from here (you can get a sense of whether or not they are happy with their current job, room for advancement, and how the company is doing) or in the next couple of years?
5) What helped you in preparing yourself to be a ___? (if they transitioned away from the lab bench asked them HOW they did it. Did they do an internship? How did they make themselves stand out from the crowd? Did they have a unique experience, develop a marketable skill set and how, or did they get their foot in the door through a network contact?)
6) Which of my skills would be important for me to highlight in order to be an attractive option to companies that are looking for ____?
7) What would it be like working for your company? How do you think your company culture would change if your company was bigger or smaller in size? (get a feel for the relative growth of the company)
THE BIGGEST TWO QUESTIONS:
1) Would it be alright if I sent you my resume so that you could provide feedback as to how I can improve it for companies looking for ___? Or help me better highlight my strengths for this particular position? (don’t stutter on this one-ask it at the very end in a very confident manner as a means to get feedback/help)
2) Who else do you know that I could speak to about this? May I please have their contact information? Would you mind introducing them to me?
Here is how the scenario will play out: 99% of the time, they will say yes to your last two questions (at least it worked for me). I also sent them my resume for feedback and they introduced me to at least 2 contacts (I would aim for 2- don’t get too crazy here because they are busy working professionals-many of whom travel).
I had 5-10 different resumes for each position. If I interviewed a Field-Application Scientist, I sent them a resume (with unique objective statement) that highlighted that skill set the best I could. If I interviewed a Product Manager, I sent them a resume tailored to that type of position.
A lot of times, from what I had learned at informational interviews, I was able to identify weaknesses and address some concerns about developing more marketable skills. That is why I decided to launch two online businesses (and audit an Entrepreneurial Management business class on campus) to fill gaps in my resume. It gave me the marketing experiences and business acumen. It made me look not just like a science person but also a business person.
Whatever those skills are that you need to highlight (based on the job market needs) MAKE SURE YOU FIND OUT! And guess what? At the end of the day, it got me an internship position my last 6 months of my PhD studies (I have multiple offers from multiple companies-technical writing, sales, associate product manager, etc.). The same can happen for you! That way you will come out with both the education and real-world experience.
My Story Continued
I’d say only 10-25% of the people actually CORRECTED my resume or sent me comments back. The 75% didn’t say anything. Does that mean they didn’t look at it? No. Does that mean that they don’t care? No. It means that they are busy. And just because they do or don’t correct it (or provide feedback) doesn’t mean that one network contact is better than the other (or you should place value of one person over the other). Everyone is of equal value, so keep this mindset and respect their time.
You have to send them a follow up email or message through LinkedIn to stay in contact with that individual at the conclusion of your informational interview. Don’t get home right away and add them and send your resume. You will look too needy.
The next day or so, just send a follow up email thanking them for their time. Say “If you have the time (or get the chance) here is my resume if you wouldn’t mind looking it over to provide feedback.” Then you can say, as we discussed could you please get me in touch with person X and Y (at company 1 and 2)? (you have the names written down) Most the time these people will be from within their own company (that is why cold contact on LinkedIn is good if you want to get acquainted with multiple companies because you can branch out).
How you set up the next 2 contacts that they know is up to you (email, phone, LinkedIn). Most of the time they would just CC me on an email. Many needed to be reminded however, because they are busy. Or you can do a LinkedIn introduction if time goes by and you don’t hear anything back.
Step 5: Follow Up, Offer Value, and Stay In Contact
Ok so you’ve already sent this person your resume for feedback. They may have not said anything back and that’s fine. At least you will have met 1 or 2 contacts that they know to introduce you to (some are even their hiring managers).
The key here is NOT necessarily employment. A lot of times, when you send off your resume they may just shrug their shoulders and say “OK.” But if you already have a polished resume and you’ve sent it off to the person at the company, the chances of them thinking of you (based on a need within the company or a job opening now or in the future) greatly increase. Therefore, even for feedback purposes you have NOTHING to lose.
The real question is HOW you can add value back to that person.
I’ll tell you what I did and how I stayed in touch with my growing network.
The people that I really connected with (personality wise, science wise, etc.): I usually did 2 or even 3 informational interviews with. But the 2nd or 3rd time around, it’s not really an informational interview anymore. It’s more of a personal “get together”:
A lot of times it can be to discuss a scientific problem. A lot of times it can be to help out a friend or coworker of theirs. Or just talk about what they are doing currently at their job (and how you can be of help).
They already know your skill set from the leading question you have asked at the previous interview and from the resume you have sent them. So if they see value in what you are doing (and you have a marketable skill set that you’re developing) you should have no problem offering value back to your network contact.
Specifically, I noticed a lot of biotech companies lack social media presence. Therefore, after discussing the idea of a social media analytics platform (that I would help create), I was able to spark the interest of a network contact and he saw the value in what I was doing. But a lot of this came from my own experiences.
You have to keep in mind that a lot of what I did (informational interviews, my entrepreneurial ventures) were all self-taught. That is why I am sharing them with you. But a lot of it is grounded on my personality (I’ve done sales since I was 16). I am aggressive, outgoing, and high-energy. You may not feel that networking is a key strength of yours. But, ANYONE can learn to network and it is a skill that CAN be learned!
I was fortunate enough to have my professional blog running. Even though I was initially just offering professional advice just for graduate students and post-docs (and my incentive was to try and sell a book I wrote on how to generate a second income for graduate students via online marketing-which is now free), I started to add value back to my network contacts (in biotech industry), since I started to write about ways to bridge the gap between academia-industry.
Even though the solutions I was proposing wouldn’t and won’t necessarily be adopted, the whole point is that I was sharing the value of my thoughts and ideas. It is the exchange of information. That’s what networking and adding value is all about.
One person even said that they were going to feature my article in their company’s blog or twitter feed since they were trying to do more social media.
Many companies don’t see the value in social media and question e-commerce and online marketing and its effectiveness in driving sales and revenue. They couldn’t be more wrong. Social media and technology are changing the world. Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, Google +, Pinterest, Instagram… You name it. Throw in SEO, google analytics, and google adwords. You’ve got yourself an entire campaign.
But, this is my UNIQUE value proposition that I add back to my network. That is how I stayed in touch with my contacts. It is up to you to figure out what that value is and what you can offer, as it is very individualistic.
Cheeky Scientist’s Guide To Networking
*Just a quick side note (from a recent trend I am seeing): Although it is easy to read a blurb of articles that Cheeky Scientist publishes on networking for PhDs, the original idea is the same: adding value.
Isaiah Hankel’s article, “The #1 Way To Network With Industry Professionals When You Have Nothing To Offer” is basically a regurgitation of what we already know (and has already been published years ago). Although one critical flaw with the idea of the article is that most PhD graduate students don’t have a network to begin (and this takes a lot of TIME to build).
It took me years to establish good, solid relationships and to build a reputation. I wasn’t going around just giving introductions, when someone in industry could just do this on their own (trust me they don’t really need a PhD student to introduce them to a business development manager or to OEM a product). And this is highly dependent on business needs and the intent of the introduction.
It is fine to join/introduce people based on common interests, but your focus should not be on being a matchmaker. If that is a skill you want to capitalize on, then become a recruiter. The focus should be on building up your network and offering DIRECT value (what do YOU contribute) back to your contacts. Introducing your network to each other (more of an indirect value) is something that would come at a much later stage, and only if appropriate (should not be forced).
Lastly, keep in mind that the weight and value of the introduction depends on who is making the introduction in the first place. For example, it is highly improbable that a senior level manager would ‘need’ a PhD student in academia to introduce him or her to someone else, when that industry professional already has their network built up and an established career (not to mention very little time). These introductions would most likely come (and carry much more weight) from existing industry professionals.
Your goal again is to simply meet and establish relationships with industry professionals and finding out what unique value you can add back. *
Some have asked me how can I possibly be an expert in all of this and provide advice to grad students and post-docs? Well for one, I have done over 75 informational interviews. It took me that many to receive ONE PHONE call and land ONE JOB in this economy. As a PhD student, I became an Associate Product Manager at Promega, and I couldn’t have done it without networking and adding value back to my contacts. I am currently a Product Manager at Sigma-Aldrich.
There is no magic number (do whatever it takes). The questions I asked and the things that I did really can work. It is your own drive, curiosity, and persistence that will determine how effective your strategy will be. You will get what you put into it. I cannot guarantee that you will find a job or add value back to your newly created network.
What I can guarantee is that you still develop a skill you never thought possible. You will learn about careers you never thought possible. You will gain confidence. You will become excited about potential opportunities. You will learn from yourself as well as others. And at this stage you have nothing to lose.
I will end by saying that the majority of people start too late. They do their PhD defense or wait till their 4th, 5th, or 6th year post-doc then decide to do something. WRONG idea. START NOW! It is never too early to start networking. Networking is a lot of time and hard work. But you don’t want to get to the end of your PhD with no idea of what you want to do and with nowhere to go. 90% of finding employment is networking!
Your network is your net worth. Start building it now.
Further Reading:
Part 1: Grad Student Advice Series: How To Network and Add Value To Yourself and Others
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